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magnesium deficiency

Depleted Soil and the Global Magnesium Deficiency Problem

 602 400 Riley Forbes
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Introduction

Modern agriculture has transformed the way we feed the world – but it has also quietly altered the nutrient quality of our food. Several studies have found that the mineral content of fruits, vegetables, and grains has steadily declined over the past 70 years.

Freshly harvested produce symbolizing how soil health influences nutrient density over time.
Nutrient loss begins long before food reaches our plate – soil quality shapes the mineral richness our bodies depend on.

Among these nutrients, magnesium – a mineral essential for energy production, cardiovascular health, and brain function – has shown one of the steepest drops. This trend is largely due to industrial farming practices that prioritize crop yield over soil regeneration. As a result, even well-balanced diets may not provide the same micronutrient density that they once did.

While magnesium-rich foods remain a cornerstone of good nutrition, this growing imbalance highlights why maintaining adequate magnesium intake through both diet and bioavailable supplementation – such as Magtein® (magnesium L-threonate) – has become increasingly important.

Soil Depletion and Agricultural Change Over Time

The decline in soil quality is not new. Since the mid-20th century, intensive monocropping, synthetic fertilizers, and soil-disruptive tillage have accelerated nutrient depletion. Many of these fertilizers replenish nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium (NPK) but not trace minerals like magnesium. Over time, magnesium is easily leached by irrigation and rainwater, leaving soils progressively less fertile.

A meta-analysis published in Plant and Soil reported that soils depleted in magnesium produced crops with up to 40 percent lower magnesium content than those grown in balanced, organically amended soil. Similarly, longitudinal data from the U.S. Department of Agriculture show measurable declines in magnesium content of spinach, carrots, and cabbage between 1950 and 2010.

This pattern extends globally. Research in the Foods journal found that the mineral density of major crops in the United Kingdom, Australia, and the U.S. has dropped by 20 to 35 percent over the last century. These changes reflect both soil depletion and altered crop genetics – hybrids bred for rapid growth rather than nutrient density.

Magnesium’s Role in Plant and Human Health

Magnesium acts as the “central atom” in chlorophyll, enabling plants to capture sunlight and convert it into chemical energy.⁹ Without adequate magnesium, photosynthesis falters, leading to lower plant yield and weakened nutrient transfer to humans.

In the human body, magnesium is required for more than 300 enzymatic reactions, including ATP synthesis, DNA stabilization, and nerve-muscle signaling.¹⁰ It also supports bone formation, cardiovascular rhythm, and stress regulation.¹¹

Because soil magnesium influences plant magnesium, and plant magnesium influences human intake, this mineral forms a continuous biological thread between the environment, agriculture, and public health. When any part of that chain weakens, the ripple effects can be far-reaching.*

Hands cradling soil to represent the connection between mineral-rich earth and human well-being.
When soil health thrives, so does human health – magnesium-rich earth remains the foundation of resilient nutrition.

Evidence of Declining Magnesium Intake in Human Populations

Data from national nutrition surveys reinforce the agricultural evidence. The U.S. NHANES database indicates that almost half of all American adults consume less than the Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) for magnesium. Older adults, women, and individuals following calorie-restricted diets are particularly at risk.

Dietary patterns high in refined grains, which have their magnesium-rich bran layers removed, compound the issue. Even individuals emphasizing fruits and vegetables may fall short if the crops they consume are grown in nutrient-depleted soils.

The consequences of low magnesium intake are subtle but cumulative – manifesting as fatigue, muscle tension, sleep disruption, or mood imbalance over time. For this reason, maintaining magnesium sufficiency through both diet and supplementation can help sustain long-term cellular resilience.*

Why This Matters: The Human Nutrition Angle

Some argue that supplementation is unnecessary if one eats “real food.” While whole foods are always preferred, this assumption depends on food quality matching historical nutrient levels – which research shows is no longer the case.

Soil depletion is not the only factor at play. Environmental stressors such as pollution, increased carbon dioxide concentrations, and food transport time also reduce micronutrient stability. Additionally, modern stress levels and medication use can accelerate magnesium loss from the body, making dietary intake alone insufficient for many people.*

This is where targeted, bioavailable forms of magnesium can help. Magnesium L-threonate was designed to support magnesium transport into the brain, and preclinical research shows it can cross the blood–brain barrier and raise magnesium levels in neural tissue. Supporting magnesium at this level may help sustain memory, focus, and relaxation – key elements of cognitive and emotional balance.*

Supporting Magnesium Status in Light of Soil Depletion

1. Prioritize Magnesium-Rich Foods

Include leafy greens, legumes, nuts, seeds, and whole grains. When possible, choose produce from farms that practice regenerative or organic agriculture, as these methods restore soil mineral content.

2. Optimize Nutrient Absorption

Vitamin C enhances magnesium uptake, while diets high in processed foods, alcohol, or caffeine can interfere with absorption. Pairing magnesium-rich meals with vitamin C-rich fruits or vegetables can support bioavailability.

3. Consider Evidence-Based Supplementation

Bioavailable forms such as magnesium glycinate, citrate, or Magtein (magnesium L-threonate) complement a nutrient-dense diet by supporting cellular and neurological magnesium levels. Unlike standard forms, Magtein’s unique structure allows magnesium to cross into the brain, where it can influence neural signaling and synaptic plasticity.*

4. Maintain Lifestyle Balance

Regular exercise, restorative sleep, and stress-reduction practices (such as meditation) further support magnesium homeostasis and cellular recovery.*

Farmer holding a box of fresh produce on a small farm, representing nutrient-dense foods that help support magnesium levels despite soil depletion.
Local, mineral-rich whole foods help support magnesium intake in a time when large-scale farming has reduced soil nutrient density

Summary

The decline in soil minerals is more than an agricultural issue – it is a public-health concern that bridges ecology, nutrition, and long-term wellness. Magnesium stands at the center of this connection. As modern soils grow poorer in minerals, ensuring optimal magnesium intake becomes a critical step toward protecting cellular energy, cardiovascular balance, and cognitive vitality. Combining whole-food nutrition with advanced supplementation strategies like Magtein offers a proactive way to sustain magnesium levels despite environmental change.*

References

  1. Scientific American. Dirt Poor: Have fruits and vegetables become less nutritious? April 27, 2011.
  2. Davis DR, Epp MD, Riordan HD. Changes in USDA food composition data for 43 garden crops, 1950–1999. J Am Coll Nutr. 2004;23(6):669-682.
  3. Bhardwaj RL, Parashar A, Parewa HP, Vyas L. An Alarming Decline in the Nutritional Quality of Foods: The Biggest Challenge for Future Generations’ Health. Foods. 2024;13(6):877. Published 2024 Mar 14. doi:10.3390/foods13060877
  4. Gröber U, Schmidt J, Kisters K. Magnesium in prevention and therapy. Nutrients. 2015;7(9):8199-8226.
  5. Cazzola R, Della Porta M, Manoni M, Iotti S, Pinotti L, Maier JA. Going to the roots of reduced magnesium dietary intake: A tradeoff between climate changes and sources. Heliyon. 2020;6(11):e05390. Published 2020 Nov 3. doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e05390
  6. National Institutes of Health, Office of Dietary Supplements. Magnesium – Fact Sheet for Health Professionals. Accessed 2025.
  7. Slutsky I, et al. Enhancement of learning and memory by elevating brain magnesium. Neuron. 2010;65(2):165-177.

These statements have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. This product is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease.

11 Signs You’re Magnesium Deficient

 760 508 Riley Forbes
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Understanding Magnesium Deficiency

Magnesium is involved in more than 300 enzymatic reactions critical to human health, influencing everything from energy production and nerve transmission to DNA synthesis and stress regulation. Despite its widespread importance, magnesium deficiency remains common, with research suggesting that roughly 50-70% of adults fall short of the recommended daily intake. This shortfall may occur quietly, gradually altering the body’s physiology long before blood levels reflect deficiency. Recognizing the subtle, interconnected signs of low magnesium can help you take proactive steps toward restoring balance through diet, lifestyle, and evidence-based supplementation.*

Maintaining healthy magnesium levels supports balanced energy, muscle performance, and overall vitality throughout daily activities.

1. Muscle Cramps and Spasms

Magnesium plays a key role in neuromuscular function by regulating the flow of calcium and potassium across muscle membranes. When magnesium levels drop, muscle cells can become overexcited, triggering involuntary contractions, spasms, or “charley horse” cramps. This imbalance may occur more frequently in athletes, older adults, or individuals with higher sweat losses. Supplementing with bioavailable forms of magnesium can help restore cellular electrolyte balance, allowing muscles to contract and relax efficiently.*

2. Fatigue and Low Energy

Every cell relies on magnesium to generate ATP – the body’s main source of energy. Within the mitochondria, magnesium stabilizes ATP molecules and supports enzymes responsible for oxidative phosphorylation. When magnesium is insufficient, these energy pathways operate less efficiently, often resulting in persistent fatigue, decreased exercise tolerance, or that “drained” feeling after minimal exertion. Over time, chronic low magnesium can disrupt metabolic flexibility, making energy recovery slower and less efficient.*

3. Brain Fog or Poor Focus

Cognitive clarity depends heavily on magnesium’s role in neural signaling and synaptic plasticity. This mineral modulates NMDA receptors – key regulators of learning, memory, and neural communication. Low magnesium can lead to excessive neuronal excitability, disrupting neurotransmitter balance and impairing information processing. Magnesium L-threonate (Magtein®), a form shown to cross the blood–brain barrier, has been studied for its ability to raise brain magnesium levels and support cognitive resilience, focus, and recall.*

4. Sleep Disturbances

Magnesium contributes to healthy sleep architecture by supporting relaxation pathways and regulating circadian rhythm. It interacts with GABA receptors, promoting calm neural activity and smoother transitions between sleep stages. Low magnesium levels can elevate nighttime cortisol and sympathetic nervous system activity, leading to difficulty falling or staying asleep. Emerging evidence, including recent studies on magnesium L-threonate, suggests that supporting brain magnesium may enhance deep sleep and reduce nighttime awakenings.*

Adequate magnesium promotes relaxation and supports deep, restorative sleep essential for recovery and focus.

5. Anxiety or Mood Changes

The relationship between magnesium and mood is both biochemical and physiological. Magnesium modulates the HPA (hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal) axis, which governs the body’s stress response. Insufficient levels can amplify excitatory signaling through glutamate pathways while dampening GABAergic tone – creating a neurochemical environment associated with anxiousness or irritability. Several studies have found that magnesium supplementation supports calmness and emotional resilience by restoring neurotransmitter balance and regulating cortisol rhythms.*

6. Headaches or Migraines

Magnesium’s influence on vascular tone and nerve excitability makes it a central factor in headache regulation. Deficiency can cause cerebral arteries to constrict and increase the release of pain-mediating neurotransmitters like substance P. This dual effect may contribute to the onset of migraines or tension-type headaches. Clinical trials suggest magnesium supplementation – especially in bioavailable forms – may help maintain normal vascular reactivity and reduce the frequency of migraine episodes over time.*

7. Muscle Weakness

Beyond cramping, low magnesium can lead to general muscle fatigue and weakness. Because magnesium is essential for ATP-dependent muscle contraction and calcium reuptake, inadequate stores can cause early fatigue during exercise or prolonged recovery afterward. This effect is often compounded by electrolyte losses through sweat, particularly in endurance athletes. Restoring magnesium balance supports proper energy metabolism in muscle tissue and promotes efficient post-exercise recovery.*

8. Irregular Heartbeat

Magnesium is essential for the heart’s electrical stability. It acts as a natural calcium antagonist, preventing excessive intracellular calcium that can lead to arrhythmias. Low magnesium levels may disrupt cardiac conduction, occasionally manifesting as palpitations or skipped beats. Magnesium also contributes to the maintenance of healthy blood pressure and vascular tone – underscoring its foundational role in cardiovascular homeostasis.*

9. Numbness or Tingling

At the neurological level, magnesium helps regulate ion channels that influence nerve excitability and signal transmission. When levels are low, neurons may misfire, producing sensations of numbness, tingling, or “pins and needles.” These symptoms often appear in conjunction with other signs of deficiency and serve as early warnings that magnesium-dependent nerve function is being compromised.*

Magnesium supports healthy nerve signaling and muscle function – helping maintain strength, coordination, and resilience as we age.

10. Constipation or Digestive Changes

In the gastrointestinal tract, magnesium supports peristalsis—the rhythmic contractions that move food through the intestines. It also helps draw water into the bowel, keeping stool soft and regular. Deficiency can slow this process, leading to constipation or digestive discomfort. While dietary magnesium supports normal motility, certain forms such as magnesium citrate have a gentle osmotic effect that may help reestablish regularity when needed.*

11. Increased Sensitivity to Stress

Chronic stress depletes magnesium through hormonal and urinary pathways, creating a feedback loop that heightens reactivity to future stressors. Low magnesium amplifies sympathetic (“fight-or-flight”) activation, reduces parasympathetic (“rest-and-digest”) balance, and impairs sleep quality – all of which increase perceived stress. Replenishing magnesium supports a calmer physiological baseline, improving emotional regulation and resilience during demanding periods.*

Addressing Magnesium Deficiency

If several of these signs sound familiar, consider assessing your magnesium intake. Dietary sources – like leafy greens, legumes, nuts, seeds, and dark chocolate – remain foundational. For targeted support, well-absorbed forms such as magnesium glycinate or magnesium L-threonate (Magtein) can complement nutrition and promote calm focus, improved sleep, and cognitive function over time.*

Summary: The Foundational Role of Magnesium

Magnesium influences nearly every system in the body – from muscle activity and metabolism to cognition and mood. Because it supports so many processes, even small deficiencies can have widespread effects. Often, these imbalances develop gradually, yet they manifest through diverse symptoms that reflect the mineral’s far-reaching physiological importance. Fortunately, recognizing the early signs allows you to take proactive steps. By combining nutrient-dense foods, balanced lifestyle habits, and clinically studied supplementation, you can support healthy magnesium levels. As a result, energy production becomes more efficient, neural activity remains calm and focused, and cognitive performance can stay strong for the long term.*

References

  1. National Institutes of Health, Office of Dietary Supplements. Magnesium Fact Sheet for Health Professionals. Updated 2024.
  2. Gröber U, Schmidt J, Kisters K. Magnesium in Prevention and Therapy. Nutrients. 2015;7(9):8199–8226.
  3. Slutsky I, et al. Enhancement of Learning and Memory by Elevating Brain Magnesium. Neuron. 2010;65(2):165–177.
  4. Hausenblas HA, Lynch T, Hooper S, Shrestha A, Rosendale D, Gu J. Magnesium-L-threonate improves sleep quality and daytime functioning in adults with self-reported sleep problems: A randomized controlled trial. Sleep Med X. 2024;8:100121. Published 2024 Aug 17. doi:10.1016/j.sleepx.2024.100121

These statements have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. This product is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease.

Signs and Symptoms of Magnesium Deficiency

 1024 690 Riley Forbes
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Magnesium is an essential mineral that plays a critical role in over 300 biochemical reactions in the human body. Despite its importance, many adults do not achieve optimal magnesium intake. Low magnesium levels can subtly impact physical and mental health, often manifesting through a range of signs and symptoms. Understanding these signals and supporting magnesium intake through diet and supplementation can help maintain overall wellness.*

Balanced meals rich in magnesium help support vitality and overall wellness at every age.*

What Is Magnesium Deficiency?

Magnesium deficiency, also known as hypomagnesemia, occurs when the body’s magnesium levels fall below what’s needed to support cellular and biochemical processes.

Because magnesium is mostly stored inside cells and bones, blood levels can remain “normal” even when total body stores are low. As a result, mild magnesium deficiency often goes undetected – manifesting subtly through fatigue, mood changes, muscle tension, or restless sleep before it becomes clinically measurable.

Low magnesium status may result from inadequate dietary intake, excessive losses through sweat or urine, gastrointestinal issues that reduce absorption, or increased needs due to stress, aging, or certain medications. Research indicates that 50-70% of adults consume less magnesium than the recommended daily allowance, making it one of the most common micronutrient shortfalls worldwide.*

Common Signs and Symptoms of Magnesium Deficiency

Magnesium deficiency can present in both mild and more pronounced ways. While the severity and specific symptoms vary by individual, common indicators include:

  • Muscle Cramps and Spasms: Magnesium regulates calcium and potassium in muscle cells. Low magnesium can increase excitability of muscles, leading to twitches, cramps, or spasms.
  • Fatigue and Low Energy: Magnesium is vital for ATP production – the energy currency of cells. Insufficient magnesium may result in feelings of tiredness or decreased endurance.
  • Sleep Disturbances: Magnesium modulates neurotransmitters involved in relaxation, such as GABA. Low levels can contribute to difficulty falling asleep, restless sleep, or reduced sleep quality.
  • Mood Changes: Magnesium influences NMDA and GABA receptor activity, impacting emotional regulation. Deficiency may contribute to irritability, anxiety, or difficulty managing stress.
  • Cardiovascular Irregularities: Magnesium supports heart rhythm and vascular tone. Inadequate magnesium intake can occasionally be linked to palpitations or increased blood pressure.
  • Cognitive Impairments: Magnesium-dependent enzymes are crucial for synaptic plasticity and memory formation. Low magnesium may subtly affect focus, learning, and short-term memory.
Adequate magnesium supports calm, restorative sleep and helps the body relax naturally.*

Why Magnesium Matters

Magnesium is a fundamental mineral involved in more than 300 enzymatic reactions in the body, spanning critical functions such as ATP production, DNA and RNA synthesis, and protein formation. Magnesium acts as a cofactor in energy metabolism, stabilizes ATP molecules, and supports phosphate transfer – all essential for cellular energy and function.

Neurologically, magnesium regulates neurotransmitter release and maintains excitatory-inhibitory balance in the brain. It influences NMDA (N-methyl-D-aspartate) and GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid) receptor activity, which are key for synaptic plasticity, learning, and emotional balance. Cardiovascularly, magnesium helps preserve normal myocardial electrical activity, vascular tone, and blood pressure regulation.

Muscle health also depends on magnesium’s role in calcium handling within cells. Adequate magnesium ensures proper contraction and relaxation cycles, reducing the likelihood of cramping, spasms, or fatigue. Collectively, these functions illustrate why even mild magnesium insufficiency can influence sleep quality, cognitive clarity, muscle performance, and cardiovascular health.*

Integrative Brain-Focused Magnesium: Magtein®

Not all forms of magnesium are the same. Many common forms – like magnesium oxide or citrate – primarily act in the digestive tract and muscles. Magtein (magnesium L-threonate), however, was developed to support brain magnesium levels more effectively.

Magtein combines magnesium with L-threonic acid, a metabolite of vitamin C, allowing it to cross the blood-brain barrier and increase magnesium concentrations within neurons. Research suggests this may support healthy synaptic density, learning ability, and overall cognitive performance.*

In human studies, daily supplementation with 1.5–2 grams of magnesium L-threonate (providing 108-144 mg elemental magnesium) has been associated with:

  • Improved memory and executive function*
  • Support for sleep quality and relaxation*
  • Greater mental clarity during the day*

This makes Magtein a valuable addition for individuals seeking a more integrative approach – supporting both body-wide magnesium balance and brain-focused performance.*

Ensuring Adequate Magnesium Intake

Supporting healthy magnesium levels involves daily habits that combine nutrition, movement, rest, and thoughtful supplementation.

  1. Prioritize Dietary Sources: Choose magnesium-rich foods like spinach, Swiss chard, almonds, cashews, pumpkin seeds, black beans, lentils, quinoa, and brown rice. Including a mix of these foods daily helps meet magnesium needs naturally. They also provide nutrients such as vitamin B6 and antioxidants, which help the body use magnesium effectively.
  2. Support with Lifestyle Habits: Stay hydrated, move regularly, and maintain a consistent sleep schedule. Dehydration reduces magnesium transport, and intense exercise increases loss through sweat. Quality sleep helps magnesium support the nervous system’s repair and recovery processes.
  3. Address Low Magnesium Proactively: Some people – especially athletes, older adults, and those with digestive challenges – may need more than diet alone provides. Clinically studied supplements such as Magtein can support absorption and brain bioavailability. Consistent use with meals can help maintain magnesium-dependent processes tied to cognition, mood, and muscle function.*
  4. Monitor and Use Safely: Most people tolerate magnesium well, but higher doses can cause temporary digestive discomfort. Starting low and increasing slowly helps the body adjust. Those with kidney concerns or medications that affect magnesium should consult a healthcare professional before use.*

By combining magnesium-rich foods, lifestyle strategies, and evidence-based supplementation when appropriate, individuals can support magnesium status and overall wellness.*

Leafy greens, nuts, and legumes offer natural magnesium to help maintain healthy balance and energy.*

Key Takeaways

Magnesium supports energy production, brain and muscle performance, heart rhythm, and mood balance. Low magnesium can show up as fatigue, cramping, restless sleep, or irritability. Focusing on nutrient-dense foods and, when appropriate, brain-targeted forms like Magtein helps maintain resilience, focus, and calm throughout the day.*

References

  1. Volpe SL. Magnesium in disease prevention and overall health. Adv Nutr. 2013;4(3):378S-383S.
  2. Rosanoff A, Weaver CM, Rude RK. Suboptimal magnesium status in the United States: Are the health consequences underestimated? Nutr Rev. 2012;70(3):153-164.
  3. Slutsky I, Abumaria N, Wu LJ, et al. Enhancement of learning and memory by elevating brain magnesium. Neuron. 2010;65(2):165–177.
  4. Liu G, Weinger JG, Lu ZL, et al. Chronic oral administration of magnesium-L-threonate improves learning and memory and upregulates synaptic plasticity-related proteins in aged rats. J Alzheimers Dis. 2016;49(4):953–966.
  5. Hausenblas HA, Lynch T, Hooper S, et al. Magnesium-L-threonate improves sleep quality and daytime functioning in adults with self-reported sleep problems: A randomized controlled trial. Sleep Med X. 2024;8:100121.
  6. National Institutes of Health (NIH). Magnesium – Fact Sheet for Health Professionals. https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Magnesium-HealthProfessional/. Accessed 2025.


These statements have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. This product is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease.