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October 2025

Signs and Symptoms of Magnesium Deficiency

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Magnesium is an essential mineral that plays a critical role in over 300 biochemical reactions in the human body. Despite its importance, many adults do not achieve optimal magnesium intake. Low magnesium levels can subtly impact physical and mental health, often manifesting through a range of signs and symptoms. Understanding these signals and supporting magnesium intake through diet and supplementation can help maintain overall wellness.*

Balanced meals rich in magnesium help support vitality and overall wellness at every age.*

What Is Magnesium Deficiency?

Magnesium deficiency, also known as hypomagnesemia, occurs when the body’s magnesium levels fall below what’s needed to support cellular and biochemical processes.

Because magnesium is mostly stored inside cells and bones, blood levels can remain “normal” even when total body stores are low. As a result, mild magnesium deficiency often goes undetected – manifesting subtly through fatigue, mood changes, muscle tension, or restless sleep before it becomes clinically measurable.

Low magnesium status may result from inadequate dietary intake, excessive losses through sweat or urine, gastrointestinal issues that reduce absorption, or increased needs due to stress, aging, or certain medications. Research indicates that 50-70% of adults consume less magnesium than the recommended daily allowance, making it one of the most common micronutrient shortfalls worldwide.*

Common Signs and Symptoms of Magnesium Deficiency

Magnesium deficiency can present in both mild and more pronounced ways. While the severity and specific symptoms vary by individual, common indicators include:

  • Muscle Cramps and Spasms: Magnesium regulates calcium and potassium in muscle cells. Low magnesium can increase excitability of muscles, leading to twitches, cramps, or spasms.
  • Fatigue and Low Energy: Magnesium is vital for ATP production – the energy currency of cells. Insufficient magnesium may result in feelings of tiredness or decreased endurance.
  • Sleep Disturbances: Magnesium modulates neurotransmitters involved in relaxation, such as GABA. Low levels can contribute to difficulty falling asleep, restless sleep, or reduced sleep quality.
  • Mood Changes: Magnesium influences NMDA and GABA receptor activity, impacting emotional regulation. Deficiency may contribute to irritability, anxiety, or difficulty managing stress.
  • Cardiovascular Irregularities: Magnesium supports heart rhythm and vascular tone. Inadequate magnesium intake can occasionally be linked to palpitations or increased blood pressure.
  • Cognitive Impairments: Magnesium-dependent enzymes are crucial for synaptic plasticity and memory formation. Low magnesium may subtly affect focus, learning, and short-term memory.
Adequate magnesium supports calm, restorative sleep and helps the body relax naturally.*

Why Magnesium Matters

Magnesium is a fundamental mineral involved in more than 300 enzymatic reactions in the body, spanning critical functions such as ATP production, DNA and RNA synthesis, and protein formation. Magnesium acts as a cofactor in energy metabolism, stabilizes ATP molecules, and supports phosphate transfer – all essential for cellular energy and function.

Neurologically, magnesium regulates neurotransmitter release and maintains excitatory-inhibitory balance in the brain. It influences NMDA (N-methyl-D-aspartate) and GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid) receptor activity, which are key for synaptic plasticity, learning, and emotional balance. Cardiovascularly, magnesium helps preserve normal myocardial electrical activity, vascular tone, and blood pressure regulation.

Muscle health also depends on magnesium’s role in calcium handling within cells. Adequate magnesium ensures proper contraction and relaxation cycles, reducing the likelihood of cramping, spasms, or fatigue. Collectively, these functions illustrate why even mild magnesium insufficiency can influence sleep quality, cognitive clarity, muscle performance, and cardiovascular health.*

Integrative Brain-Focused Magnesium: Magtein®

Not all forms of magnesium are the same. Many common forms – like magnesium oxide or citrate – primarily act in the digestive tract and muscles. Magtein (magnesium L-threonate), however, was developed to support brain magnesium levels more effectively.

Magtein combines magnesium with L-threonic acid, a metabolite of vitamin C, allowing it to cross the blood-brain barrier and increase magnesium concentrations within neurons. Research suggests this may support healthy synaptic density, learning ability, and overall cognitive performance.*

In human studies, daily supplementation with 1.5–2 grams of magnesium L-threonate (providing 108-144 mg elemental magnesium) has been associated with:

  • Improved memory and executive function*
  • Support for sleep quality and relaxation*
  • Greater mental clarity during the day*

This makes Magtein a valuable addition for individuals seeking a more integrative approach – supporting both body-wide magnesium balance and brain-focused performance.*

Ensuring Adequate Magnesium Intake

Supporting healthy magnesium levels involves daily habits that combine nutrition, movement, rest, and thoughtful supplementation.

  1. Prioritize Dietary Sources: Choose magnesium-rich foods like spinach, Swiss chard, almonds, cashews, pumpkin seeds, black beans, lentils, quinoa, and brown rice. Including a mix of these foods daily helps meet magnesium needs naturally. They also provide nutrients such as vitamin B6 and antioxidants, which help the body use magnesium effectively.
  2. Support with Lifestyle Habits: Stay hydrated, move regularly, and maintain a consistent sleep schedule. Dehydration reduces magnesium transport, and intense exercise increases loss through sweat. Quality sleep helps magnesium support the nervous system’s repair and recovery processes.
  3. Address Low Magnesium Proactively: Some people – especially athletes, older adults, and those with digestive challenges – may need more than diet alone provides. Clinically studied supplements such as Magtein can support absorption and brain bioavailability. Consistent use with meals can help maintain magnesium-dependent processes tied to cognition, mood, and muscle function.*
  4. Monitor and Use Safely: Most people tolerate magnesium well, but higher doses can cause temporary digestive discomfort. Starting low and increasing slowly helps the body adjust. Those with kidney concerns or medications that affect magnesium should consult a healthcare professional before use.*

By combining magnesium-rich foods, lifestyle strategies, and evidence-based supplementation when appropriate, individuals can support magnesium status and overall wellness.*

Leafy greens, nuts, and legumes offer natural magnesium to help maintain healthy balance and energy.*

Key Takeaways

Magnesium supports energy production, brain and muscle performance, heart rhythm, and mood balance. Low magnesium can show up as fatigue, cramping, restless sleep, or irritability. Focusing on nutrient-dense foods and, when appropriate, brain-targeted forms like Magtein helps maintain resilience, focus, and calm throughout the day.*

References

  1. Volpe SL. Magnesium in disease prevention and overall health. Adv Nutr. 2013;4(3):378S-383S.
  2. Rosanoff A, Weaver CM, Rude RK. Suboptimal magnesium status in the United States: Are the health consequences underestimated? Nutr Rev. 2012;70(3):153-164.
  3. Slutsky I, Abumaria N, Wu LJ, et al. Enhancement of learning and memory by elevating brain magnesium. Neuron. 2010;65(2):165–177.
  4. Liu G, Weinger JG, Lu ZL, et al. Chronic oral administration of magnesium-L-threonate improves learning and memory and upregulates synaptic plasticity-related proteins in aged rats. J Alzheimers Dis. 2016;49(4):953–966.
  5. Hausenblas HA, Lynch T, Hooper S, et al. Magnesium-L-threonate improves sleep quality and daytime functioning in adults with self-reported sleep problems: A randomized controlled trial. Sleep Med X. 2024;8:100121.
  6. National Institutes of Health (NIH). Magnesium – Fact Sheet for Health Professionals. https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Magnesium-HealthProfessional/. Accessed 2025.


These statements have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. This product is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease.

What Is Sleep Quality? Insights from the 2024 Sleep Medicine Study

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Quality sleep is foundational to cognitive clarity, physical restoration, and emotional balance. Yet despite sleeping for nearly one-third of our lives, many adults struggle to achieve truly restorative rest. The latest research is uncovering why – and how certain nutrients may support this essential biological rhythm.*

The Science of Sleep: More Than Rest

Sleep is an active, highly regulated process that allows the brain and body to restore balance and prepare for the demands of the next day. During sleep, the brain clears metabolic waste, repairs neural pathways, and consolidates memories. Meanwhile, the body engages in tissue repair, energy restoration, and immune regulation – processes vital to longevity and resilience.

These restorative events unfold through a pattern known as sleep architecture, which includes four distinct stages that repeat several times per night. Each stage serves a specific physiological purpose.

Stage 1: The Transition to Sleep

This light sleep stage acts as a bridge between wakefulness and rest. It typically lasts only a few minutes as muscles relax and brain waves begin to slow.

Stage 2: Light Sleep and Memory Processing

Stage 2 comprises about half of total sleep time. Here, the body temperature drops, heart rate slows, and short bursts of brain activity – called sleep spindles – support learning and memory integration.

Stage 3: Deep, Restorative Sleep

Often referred to as slow-wave sleep, this phase enables tissue repair, muscle recovery, and immune strengthening. Deep sleep supports metabolic balance and cardiovascular function, forming the foundation of physical restoration.

REM Sleep: The Brain’s Recharging Phase

Roughly 90 minutes after falling asleep, rapid eye movement (REM) sleep begins. This is the stage of vivid dreaming, when brain activity increases and emotional regulation occurs. REM sleep strengthens neural connections that influence creativity, focus, and decision-making.

Throughout the night, the ratio of deep to REM sleep shifts. Early cycles prioritize physical repair, while later cycles emphasize cognitive and emotional renewal. Understanding this dynamic pattern reveals why sleep quality – not just duration – plays a critical role in overall well-being.*

Inside the 2024 Sleep Medicine Study

The 2024 Sleep Medicine X study, led by Heather Hausenblas, PhD, explored how magnesium L-threonate (Magtein®) may influence sleep quality and daytime function in adults reporting poor sleep.

The randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial enrolled healthy adults aged 35 to 55. Participants were assigned to take either magnesium L-threonate or a placebo daily for 21 days. None of the participants had major health conditions, ensuring the results reflected typical lifestyle-related sleep challenges.

Methods: Subjective and Objective Sleep Assessments

Throughout the study, researchers evaluated sleep quality using validated subjective and objective tools, including:

  • The Leeds Sleep Evaluation Questionnaire (LSEQ), which measures sleep latency, quality, and alertness upon waking.
  • The Restorative Sleep Questionnaire (RSQ), which captures how refreshed and restored participants felt after sleep.
  • The Insomnia Severity Index (ISI), assessing perceived sleep difficulties and their impact on daily function.
  • The Profile of Mood States (POMS), which evaluates mood and emotional balance.
  • Daily sleep diaries and Oura Ring data, providing objective insights into total sleep time, sleep stages, and efficiency.

Key Findings: Sleep and Daytime Improvements

By the end of the 21-day trial, participants taking magnesium L-threonate demonstrated meaningful improvements in several measures of sleep and daytime well-being compared to placebo:

  • Sleep quality scores improved, suggesting deeper, more restorative rest and fewer nighttime awakenings.*
  • Time spent in deep sleep increased, as shown through Oura Ring data and participant self-reports. Deep sleep plays a vital role in cellular recovery and immune function.*
  • Participants reported better morning alertness and mental clarity, indicating enhanced sleep efficiency and overnight recovery.*
  • Mood and irritability scores improved, reflecting magnesium’s role in supporting calm neural activity and balanced stress responses.*

Study Conclusions: Brain Magnesium and Restorative Sleep

The study authors concluded that magnesium L-threonate’s ability to elevate brain magnesium levels may influence pathways related to relaxation, circadian rhythm regulation, and overall sleep architecture. While more large-scale studies are needed to confirm these findings, this research offers promising evidence linking brain magnesium balance with restorative sleep quality.*

Participants supplementing with magnesium L-threonate reported deeper sleep and greater morning alertness in clinical studies.

Understanding Sleep Quality

When we talk about “good sleep,” we often think about duration, but true sleep quality is about more than hours spent in bed. It reflects how efficiently the brain and body cycle through the stages of sleep and how refreshed you feel upon waking.

According to the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, high-quality sleep typically includes:

  • Falling asleep within 15-20 minutes of going to bed
  • Minimal nighttime awakenings
  • Consistent cycling through deep and REM sleep
  • Waking up feeling alert rather than fatigued

Factors like stress, screen exposure, irregular schedules, and nutrient imbalances can disrupt these patterns, leading to light or fragmented sleep. Over time, this can affect mood, focus, and metabolic health.

The 2024 Hausenblas study adds to the growing body of research suggesting that restoring sleep architecture – particularly deep and REM stages – may be one of the most effective ways to improve how you function during the day.*

Supporting Restorative Sleep Naturally

Sustaining high-quality sleep begins with consistent habits: maintaining regular bedtimes, limiting light exposure in the evening, and allowing time to unwind. Nutritional support can complement these routines, especially nutrients that interact with the brain’s relaxation pathways.*

Preliminary findings from the Hausenblas study suggest that magnesium L-threonate may:

  • Support relaxation before bed, helping the body prepare for rest*
  • Promote deeper sleep phases that enhance recovery and energy renewal*
  • Support next-day calmness and focus by maintaining balanced neural signaling*

Ongoing research will continue to clarify how magnesium influences these processes, but the emerging evidence supports the idea that maintaining optimal brain magnesium levels may play a role in restoring healthy sleep patterns over time.*

Evening habits – like relaxation routines and magnesium support – can help promote restorative, high-quality sleep.

The Restorative Power of Sleep

Sleep is more than a nightly reset – it’s a cornerstone of long-term health and performance. Each night of quality rest activates intricate biological processes that renew the mind and body. Deep sleep enhances cellular regeneration and immune resilience, while REM sleep supports memory consolidation, learning, and emotional balance. Together, these cycles orchestrate the brain’s ability to adapt, recover, and thrive.

Inadequate sleep, on the other hand, can subtly influence energy metabolism, cognitive flexibility, and even hormonal rhythms over time. Research continues to reveal how sufficient restorative sleep may help maintain metabolic balance, cardiovascular function, and cognitive performance – all essential components of healthy aging.*

The 2024 findings reinforce a growing scientific perspective: supporting sleep quality through lifestyle, mindfulness, and targeted nutritional strategies may be one of the most effective ways to promote both short-term vitality and long-term well-being.* By prioritizing restorative sleep, individuals are not only enhancing nightly recovery but also investing in their overall health foundation – one that supports resilience, clarity, and balanced living.*

References

  1. Hausenblas HA, Lynch T, Hooper S, et al. Magnesium-L-threonate improves sleep quality and daytime functioning in adults with self-reported sleep problems: A randomized controlled trial. Sleep Med X. 2024; 8:100121.
  2. ClinicalTrials.gov. Magnesium L-Threonate for Anxiety, Mood, and Sleep Quality in Older Adults (NCT02363634).
  3. National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute. Your Sleep/Wake Cycle. https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/sleep/sleep-wake-cycle. Accessed 2025.

These statements have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. This product is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease.

Your Optimal Sleep Routine: How to Prepare for Better Sleep (Featuring Magtein®)

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Sleep is the foundation of overall health, yet many people find it difficult to get enough truly restorative rest. Whether you’re balancing a busy schedule, caring for little ones, or staying up late scrolling through your phone, improving your sleep routine can enhance your mood, focus, and overall well-being.

Magnesium L-threonate (Magtein) may also play a supportive role in promoting deeper, more restorative sleep when combined with healthy lifestyle habits.*

Read on for science-backed strategies to improve sleep quality, along with practical tips for incorporating Magtein into your nightly routine.

Understanding Sleep and Its Importance

Sleep is far more than downtime – it’s an essential period when your body and brain repair and restore. During deep sleep:

  • The brain clears metabolic waste and strengthens neuronal connections.
  • Stress hormones such as cortisol are regulated, helping maintain balanced mood and emotional resilience.*
  • Cellular repair, muscle recovery, and memory consolidation occur naturally.

Insufficient sleep can disrupt cognitive performance, emotional stability, and physical health. Therefore, building a consistent, supportive sleep routine is one of the most effective ways to protect long-term wellness.*

A peaceful morning rest supports brain and body recovery. In turn, consistent sleep habits and healthy magnesium balance may promote relaxation and emotional well-being.*

Building a Sleep Routine

Consistency is key. A regular schedule helps your body anticipate rest, making it easier to fall asleep and wake up refreshed.

To create an effective routine:

  1. Wind down with mindfulness. Techniques like journaling or deep breathing can help quiet the mind and promote calm before bed.
  2. Go to bed and wake up at consistent times. Keeping a regular schedule strengthens your internal clock and improves overall sleep quality.
  3. Include calming pre-sleep rituals. Activities such as reading, stretching, or meditation help signal the body that it’s time to rest.
  4. Avoid heavy meals, caffeine, and alcohol before bed. Try to stop eating large meals or consuming caffeine and alcohol at least three hours before bedtime, as these can interfere with deep sleep.*
Creating a relaxing bedtime ritual – like reading before sleep – can help signal the body to unwind and prepare for deeper rest.*

Optimizing Your Sleep Environment

Your bedroom environment directly affects how easily you fall – and stay – asleep. Small adjustments can make a major difference.

  1. Keep it cool, dark, and quiet. A slightly cooler room, blackout curtains, and white-noise machines can help your body enter deeper stages of sleep.*
  2. Limit blue-light exposure. Screens emit blue light that suppresses melatonin, your natural sleep hormone. Therefore, reducing screen time an hour before bed or using blue-light filters supports a healthier circadian rhythm.*
  3. Choose comfortable bedding. Soft, breathable materials and a supportive mattress can reduce nighttime discomfort and promote better rest.
  4. Declutter your space. A clean, organized bedroom can help your mind relax and create a calming atmosphere for sleep.

Lifestyle Strategies for Better Sleep

Move During the Day

Regular physical activity supports deeper, more efficient sleep. However, try to complete vigorous exercise at least a few hours before bedtime to prevent temporary alertness.*

Manage Stress Mindfully

Chronic stress can elevate evening cortisol levels, making relaxation difficult. Practices such as mindfulness, breathing exercises, or journaling help calm the nervous system and prepare the mind for rest.*

Nourish with Magnesium-Rich Foods

Magnesium supports relaxation and a calm nervous system.* Include leafy greens, nuts, seeds, and whole grains in your diet.

Moreover, magnesium L-threonate is a highly bioavailable form of magnesium that has been studied for its potential to support deep sleep and mental calm by helping magnesium cross the blood-brain barrier.*

Preparing colorful, magnesium-rich meals with leafy greens, nuts, and seeds supports muscle relaxation and a calm nervous system.*

How Magtein May Support Sleep and Cognitive Health

Research suggests magnesium L-threonate helps maintain brain magnesium levels, supporting relaxation, mood balance, and cognitive performance.*

Specifically, it may:

  • Encourage a calm and relaxed state before bed*
  • Support restorative sleep quality and deep sleep stages*
  • Promote next-day mental clarity and cognitive function*

Furthermore, human studies have explored its role in supporting mood, stress regulation, and sleep quality, making it a valuable addition to a holistic sleep routine.*

Putting It All Together: Your Optimal Sleep Routine

  • Optimize your environment: Keep your room cool, dark, and quiet.
  • Maintain consistency: Go to bed and wake up at the same time(s) daily.
  • Wind down mindfully: Engage in relaxing activities such as meditation or gentle stretching.
  • Focus on nutrition: Avoid caffeine and heavy meals late at night; include magnesium-rich foods.
  • Consider Magtein: May support relaxation, sleep quality, and next-day focus when paired with healthy sleep habits.*

Practicing these habits consistently can help you wake up feeling more refreshed, balanced, and ready to take on each day.*

References

  1. Liu G, Weinger JG, Lu ZL, et al. Magnesium-L-threonate supplementation improves memory and attention in older adults with cognitive complaints: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. J Alzheimers Dis. 2016;49(4):971–990.
  2. Abbasi B, Kimiagar M, Sadeghniiat K, et al. The effect of magnesium supplementation on primary insomnia in elderly: a double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial. J Res Med Sci. 2012;17(12):1161–1169.
  3. Wienecke T, Nissen C, Schmidbauer K, et al. Effects of magnesium on sleep quality: a systematic review. Nutrients. 2020;12(10):3060.
  4. ClinicalTrials.gov. Magnesium L-Threonate for Anxiety, Mood, and Sleep Quality in Older Adults (NCT02363634). Available at: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02363634

These statements have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. This product is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease.

The History of Magtein®: From Discovery to Innovation

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Magnesium plays a vital role in brain health. However, not all forms of magnesium can easily cross the blood-brain barrier to support cognitive function. Magtein (magnesium L-threonate) was created to overcome this challenge. Understanding its history reveals how scientific innovation can transform a well-known mineral into a brain-targeted supplement.*

The Discovery of Magnesium’s Role in the Brain

Magnesium has long been recognized as an essential mineral involved in more than 300 biochemical reactions throughout the body. Early research emphasized its importance in nerve signaling, synaptic plasticity, and learning.

However, most common forms – such as magnesium oxide or citrate – mainly support muscle and cardiovascular health. They have limited ability to raise magnesium levels in the brain. As research advanced, scientists began searching for new forms of magnesium that could effectively reach the brain to support cognitive performance.

Ultimately, researchers identified magnesium’s limited transport across the blood-brain barrier as a key barrier to its neurological benefits.

From scientific discovery to brain health innovation – Magtein® represents decades of magnesium research designed to enhance cognitive function and support better sleep.

The Development of Magnesium L-Threonate

To address the challenge of poor magnesium absorption in the brain, neuroscientists developed magnesium L-threonate. This compound combines magnesium with L-threonic acid, a metabolite of vitamin C that enhances magnesium’s ability to dissolve and move through the body.

This pairing increases solubility, meaning magnesium can dissolve more effectively in water and body fluids. Better solubility improves absorption through the digestive tract and helps magnesium travel across cell and brain membranes. This is especially important for the brain, where magnesium uptake is highly regulated. By improving both solubility and transport, magnesium L-threonate helps magnesium reach brain regions involved in focus, relaxation, and sleep regulation.*

Innovative Mechanism of Action

Human studies have shown that magnesium L-threonate can increase magnesium levels in the brain, thereby supporting essential processes related to learning, memory, and emotional balance.*

  • Synaptic plasticity and learning: Magnesium helps activate NMDA (N-methyl-D-aspartate) receptors, which are critical for learning and memory. These receptors regulate calcium flow between neurons, strengthening communication and adaptability. Consequently, balanced NMDA activity promotes effective learning responses and supports overall cognitive function.*
  • Neuronal stability: Magnesium also supports steady communication between brain cells by balancing excitatory and calming neurotransmitters. Furthermore, it helps prevent overstimulation and promotes calm, clear signaling. This, in turn, contributes to better focus, emotional steadiness, and cognitive clarity throughout the day.*
  • Sleep and emotional balance: Brain magnesium supports relaxation by influencing GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid) pathways, which help calm neural activity before rest. Additionally, it plays a role in maintaining healthy circadian rhythms that guide natural sleep-wake cycles. Together, these effects support deeper, more restorative sleep and balanced emotional well-being.*

Because of this targeted mechanism, magnesium L-threonate differs from other forms of magnesium that primarily support muscles or energy metabolism. Instead, it delivers magnesium directly to the brain, thereby supporting mental clarity, relaxation, and quality rest as part of a balanced lifestyle.*unique design helps deliver magnesium to the brain, supporting mental clarity, calmness, and restorative rest as part of a balanced lifestyle.*

Key Milestones in Magtein Research

The development of Magtein has been marked by several critical studies demonstrating its efficacy in humans:

  • Cognitive benefits: In a trial led by Liu et al., older adults with subjective memory complaints showed significant improvements in working memory, attention, and executive function after 12 weeks of magnesium L-threonate supplementation.
  • Sleep and mood support: Hausenblas et al., demonstrated improved sleep quality, deep sleep duration, and reduced irritability in adults using magnesium L-threonate over several weeks.
  • Stress regulation: Ongoing clinical trials, including the study Magnesium L-Threonate for Anxiety, Mood, and Sleep Quality in Older Adults (NCT02363634), are investigating the role of brain magnesium in supporting emotional resilience.*

These studies highlight a continuum from discovery to practical application, demonstrating how scientific innovation can translate into meaningful, structure/function benefits for consumers.

Magtein in the Context of Healthy Aging

As people live longer, maintaining brain health and emotional balance becomes increasingly important. Magnesium L-threonate supports this goal by helping maintain healthy brain magnesium levels, which in turn promote:

  • Memory retention and learning*
  • Stress management and emotional well-being*
  • Restorative sleep and next-day focus*

Although research is ongoing, current evidence suggests that Magtein can be part of a science-backed approach to supporting healthy cognitive aging.*

Magtein supports cognitive clarity and healthy aging, reflecting ongoing research into magnesium’s vital role in memory, focus, and overall brain wellness.

Future Directions and Ongoing Research

Current studies continue to explore how magnesium L-threonate may benefit brain health in broader ways, including:

  • Long-term cognitive outcomes in adults over 70
  • Potential synergies with other nutrients for brain support
  • Mood and stress regulation across diverse populations

Future findings will help refine how magnesium L-threonate fits into holistic strategies for maintaining mental clarity, emotional balance, and sleep quality.*

The Takeaway

The history of Magtein illustrates the evolution of scientific discovery into practical innovation. By addressing the challenge of brain magnesium delivery, magnesium L-threonate supports memory, sleep, and emotional balance in adults.* Its development highlights the intersection of biochemistry, neuroscience, and nutritional science, providing a foundation for healthy aging and cognitive resilience.

References

  • Liu G, Weinger JG, Lu ZL, et al. Magnesium-L-threonate supplementation improves memory and attention in older adults with cognitive complaints: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. J Alzheimers Dis. 2016;49(4):971–990.
  • Hausenblas HA, Lynch T, Hooper S, et al. Magnesium-L-threonate improves sleep quality and daytime functioning in adults with self-reported sleep problems: a randomized controlled trial. Sleep Med X. 2024;8:100121.
  • ClinicalTrials.gov. Magnesium L-Threonate for Anxiety, Mood and Sleep Quality in Older Adults (NCT02363634). https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02363634
  • Barbagallo M, Dominguez LJ. Magnesium and aging. Curr Pharm Des. 2010;16(7):832–839.

These statements have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. This product is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease.

Magtein® and Healthy Aging: What Human Trials Reveal About Memory, Sleep, and Stress

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Your brain is designed to learn, adapt, and manage stress throughout life. As we age, memory, sleep quality, and emotional resilience may decline. Supporting brain magnesium levels helps maintain these vital functions. Magtein (magnesium L-threonate) has been studied for its ability to support memory, sleep, and stress regulation.*

Magtein (magnesium L-threonate) may support restorative sleep, stress regulation, and memory, helping you wake up feeling refreshed and energized.

What Is Magtein?

Magtein is a patented form of magnesium L-threonate, developed by neuroscientists to improve magnesium’s ability to cross the blood-brain barrier and increase brain magnesium concentrations.*

Magnesium supports hundreds of biochemical reactions tied to cognition, sleep, and mood.* Standard forms such as oxide, citrate, and glycinate do not easily reach the brain. Clinical research on Magtein shows its unique ability to elevate brain magnesium levels and support cognitive performance in adults.*

Memory and Cognitive Performance

A 12-week randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial by Liu et al. examined magnesium L-threonate in adults aged 50-70 with mild memory complaints. Participants took the supplement daily and completed memory, attention, and executive function tests.

Key Findings:

  • Working memory, attention, and executive function improved compared with placebo.
  • Some measures approached the performance of healthy, age-matched peers.
  • Brain magnesium levels increased, confirming effective absorption into brain tissue.

These findings suggest magnesium L-threonate supports cognitive clarity and memory in older adults with mild cognitive concerns.*

Magtein supports cognitive clarity and memory in older adults, promoting healthy brain function and meaningful connections across generations.

Sleep Quality and Daytime Function

Beyond cognition, magnesium plays an important role in sleep regulation. A 2024 randomized controlled trial by Hausenblas et al. evaluated magnesium L-threonate in 80 adults aged 35–55 with self-reported sleep disturbances. Participants received 1 g/day for three weeks.

Key Findings:

  • Participants reported more restful sleep and better mood upon waking.
  • Wearable devices showed increased deep and REM sleep.
  • No major adverse events were reported.

Magnesium L-threonate may support restorative sleep and balanced energy during the day.*

Stress, Mood, and Emotional Well-Being

Emerging research indicates that magnesium levels in the brain can influence mood and stress resilience. In the Hausenblas et al. trial, participants reported less irritability and greater calmness upon awakening.*

A 12-week clinical trial (NCT02363634) is assessing magnesium L-threonate’s effects on anxiety and mood in older adults. Early data suggest potential benefits for emotional balance and resilience as part of a healthy lifestyle.*

Safety and How to Use Magtein

The supplement is often taken in divided doses – morning and evening – to help maintain steady brain magnesium levels.* It can be taken with or without food and is generally well tolerated.*

Consult a healthcare provider before use if you are pregnant, nursing, taking medication, or have a medical condition. Benefits may take several weeks to appear as magnesium builds within brain tissue.*

What the Research Shows – and What’s Next

Current human trials support Magtein for:

  • Memory and cognitive performance*
  • Sleep quality and daytime alertness*
  • Emotional balance and stress support*
Magtein may help maintain focus, memory, and emotional balance, supporting healthy cognitive function during mentally engaging activities like chess.

However, most studies are short-term (3-12 weeks) and involve adults without severe cognitive or sleep disorders. Long-term studies in older adults and clinical populations are still ongoing.

To maintain compliance, any product claims should remain structure/function-based (e.g., “supports memory and sleep quality”) and not imply treatment or prevention of disease.*

The Takeaway

Human clinical research shows that Magtein can help support memory, improve sleep quality, and promote emotional balance in adults.* By restoring magnesium levels in the brain, it supports the foundation of healthy cognitive aging, focus, and stress resilience.*

References

  1. Liu G, Weinger JG, Lu ZL, et al. Magnesium-L-threonate supplementation improves memory and attention in older adults with cognitive complaints: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. J Alzheimers Dis. 2016;49(4):971–990.
  2. Hausenblas HA, Lynch T, Hooper S, et al. Magnesium-L-threonate improves sleep quality and daytime functioning in adults with self-reported sleep problems: a randomized controlled trial. Sleep Med X. 2024;8:100121.
  3. ClinicalTrials.gov. Magnesium L-Threonate for Anxiety, Mood and Sleep Quality in Older Adults (NCT02363634). https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02363634

FDA Disclaimer

These statements have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. This product is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease.

How Magtein® Crosses the Blood-Brain Barrier (and Why It Matters)

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What Is the Blood-Brain Barrier?

The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is one of the body’s most sophisticated protective systems. This tightly regulated network of endothelial cells lines the brain’s blood vessels, acting as a selective gatekeeper that controls what enters the brain from the bloodstream.

While the BBB safeguards the brain from harmful substances, it also makes it difficult for many nutrients to pass through – including magnesium. This presents a challenge, as magnesium plays a central role in supporting brain health and cognitive performance.*

Why Magnesium Matters for the Brain

Magnesium is involved in more than 300 biochemical reactions in the body, many of which occur in the brain. Within the nervous system, magnesium helps:

  • Support synaptic plasticity, the foundation of learning and memory*
  • Maintain healthy neurotransmitter activity through NMDA receptor regulation*
  • Promote neuronal stability and optimal communication between brain cells*
  • Support cellular energy production and protect against oxidative stress*

Maintaining optimal magnesium levels is essential for cognitive clarity, a calm mood, and healthy brain aging.*

Meditation and mindfulness support cognitive clarity and calm mood, complementing magnesium L-threonate for overall brain health and healthy aging.

The Challenge: Why Typical Magnesium Forms Don’t Reach the Brain

Although magnesium supplements are widely used to support muscle relaxation, cardiovascular health, and energy metabolism, most common forms – such as magnesium oxide, citrate, or glycinate – have limited ability to raise magnesium concentrations in the cerebrospinal fluid, the fluid surrounding the brain and spinal cord.

Because these forms do not efficiently cross the blood-brain barrier, their impact on brain magnesium levels tends to be modest. This limitation prompted researchers to search for a form of magnesium specifically designed to reach the brain.

What Makes Magtein Different

Magtein – scientifically known as magnesium L-threonate – was developed by neuroscientists at MIT to overcome the limitations of conventional magnesium forms.

The Role of L-Threonic Acid

Magtein combines magnesium with L-threonic acid, a metabolite of vitamin C. This unique pairing increases magnesium’s solubility and facilitates more efficient transport across cell membranes.*

Crossing the Blood-Brain Barrier

Preclinical and clinical studies indicate that magnesium L-threonate elevates magnesium levels within the brain, demonstrating its ability to cross the BBB – something most other forms of magnesium rarely achieve.*

Sustaining Brain Magnesium Levels

Once absorbed, Magtein helps maintain elevated brain magnesium concentrations for extended periods, supporting long-term neurological function and resilience.*

Why Crossing the BBB Matters

By delivering magnesium effectively to the brain, Magtein helps support key areas of cognitive health:

  • Learning and Memory: Supports NMDA receptor activation, promoting the brain’s ability to form new connections and retain information.*
  • Focus and Attention: Contributes to balanced neurotransmitter activity, supporting clarity and concentration.*
  • Calm and Stress Response: Helps regulate stress-response systems, promoting relaxation and emotional balance.*
  • Healthy Brain Aging: Preclinical research suggests that elevated brain magnesium levels may help maintain synaptic density and support cognitive performance over time.*
Social engagement and community connection may support brain health and cognitive performance alongside magnesium L-threonate supplementation.

The Science Behind Magtein

Research Overview

  • Preclinical Research: Landmark studies at MIT demonstrated that magnesium L-threonate increased brain magnesium concentrations by 7-15% and enhanced learning and memory performance in animal models compared with other magnesium forms (Slutsky et al., Neuron, 2010).*
  • Human Studies: Clinical research found that magnesium L-threonate supplementation was associated with improved working memory, attention, and executive function in adults with cognitive complaints (Liu et al., Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease, 2016).*

While further research is ongoing, current evidence supports the ability of Magtein to enhance magnesium bioavailability in the brain, potentially contributing to cognitive benefits.*

How to Use Magtein

Magtein is typically taken in divided doses – morning and evening – to maintain consistent magnesium levels throughout the day. It is generally well tolerated and can be taken with or without food.

As with any supplement, follow product directions and consult a healthcare professional before use, especially if you are pregnant, nursing, taking medication, or have a medical condition. Cognitive benefits from Magtein may develop gradually as magnesium levels build within brain tissue over several weeks of consistent supplementation.*

Magnesium L-threonate supplements, combined with a nutrient-rich diet, support cognitive performance and long-term brain health.

Limitations, Precautions, and Research Gaps

Although research on magnesium L-threonate is promising, not all findings have been replicated in large-scale human trials. Individual results may vary based on age, lifestyle, and baseline magnesium status.

Magtein is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease, and should be used as part of a healthy lifestyle that includes a balanced diet, physical activity, and adequate sleep.

The Takeaway

The blood-brain barrier protects the brain but also makes it challenging for nutrients to reach where they are needed most. Magtein stands apart as the only form of magnesium shown in scientific studies to effectively cross the BBB and meaningfully raise brain magnesium levels.*

By supporting neuronal function, magnesium L-threonate may help maintain learning, memory, focus, and overall brain health, representing a significant advancement in nutritional neuroscience.*

References

  • Slutsky I, Abumaria N, Wu LJ, et al. Enhancement of learning and memory by elevating brain magnesium. Neuron. 2010;65(2):165-177. doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2010.01.009
  • Hausenblas HA, Rogers N, Camcho D, et al. Magnesium L-Threonate Improves Sleep Quality and Daytime Functioning in Adults with Self-Reported Sleep Problems: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Sleep Medicine X. 2024;6:100095. doi:10.1016/j.sleepx.2024.100095
  • Zhang N, Li Y, Zeng X, et al. A Magtein, Magnesium L-Threonate-Based Formula Improves Brain Cognitive Functions in Healthy Chinese Adults. Front Aging Neurosci. 2022;14:1025181. doi:10.3389/fnagi.2022.1025181
  • National Institutes of Health, Office of Dietary Supplements.Magnesium – Health Professional Fact Sheet. Updated January 4, 2023. Accessed October 12, 2025. https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Magnesium-HealthProfessional/

FDA Disclaimer

These statements have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. This product is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease.

Magtein® May Help Support Cognitive Performance and a Healthier “Brain Age”

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Understanding “Brain Age” and Cognitive Longevity

While chronological age is measured in years, brain age reflects how well your brain performs relative to your biological age. A person in their sixties, for instance, might have the mental sharpness of someone decades younger – or, conversely, may notice that memory and focus require a little more effort than before.

What is Brain Age?

Brain age isn’t a fixed measure. It’s influenced by genetics, lifestyle habits, nutrition, sleep quality, and how effectively the body manages stress. Over time, the brain naturally undergoes structural and chemical changes – including a gradual decline in synaptic density, changes in neurotransmitter activity, and reduced efficiency in neuronal communication. These shifts can affect how quickly we process information, form memories, and stay attentive.

The encouraging reality is that brain age can be supported. Through consistent, science-based lifestyle habits – such as regular physical activity, mental engagement, restorative sleep, and balanced nutrition – it’s possible to help maintain a “younger” cognitive profile well into later years.*

An active older couple walking along the beach, reflecting healthy aging, emotional well-being, and lifestyle habits that help support long-term cognitive vitality.

The Science of Cognitive Performance and Aging

Cognitive performance is the result of the brain’s ability to learn, adapt, and store new information – processes that depend on synaptic plasticity, or the flexibility and strength of connections between neurons.

Magnesium plays an essential role in supporting this process by helping regulate neuronal electrical activity and enzyme function involved in brain communication. However, brain magnesium levels tend to decline with age, and most dietary forms of magnesium are not efficiently absorbed into the brain due to the blood–brain barrier.

Magtein (magnesium L-threonate) was developed to effectively deliver magnesium to brain tissue, where it can support the cellular mechanisms underlying learning, memory, and cognitive flexibility.*

Researchers continue exploring how magnesium L-threonate supports memory, focus, and long-term brain function.

How Magtein May Help Support a Healthier “Brain Age”

Several human studies have investigated how magnesium L-threonate may support memory, learning, and attention – key components of cognitive performance.* By promoting healthy magnesium levels within brain cells, Magtein helps maintain neuronal density and supports the signaling pathways involved in focus and memory formation.*

Evidence from Human Studies on Magnesium L-Threonate

In a clinical study involving adults aged 50 to 70, daily supplementation with magnesium L-threonate was associated with improvements in cognitive performance measures and working memory compared to baseline results.* Participants also reported improved mood balance and reduced mental fatigue.*

Researchers suggest these findings may relate to magnesium’s ability to support synaptic plasticity – a foundational process for long-term brain health and adaptive learning.* By sustaining efficient communication between neurons, Magtein may help the brain “age better,” supporting clarity, recall, and resilience over time.*

Lifestyle Factors That Complement Magtein

Magtein can play a role in supporting cognitive health, but lifestyle and environmental choices remain equally important. Together, they create a foundation for maintaining an active and adaptable brain throughout life.

  • Prioritize Quality Sleep: Deep sleep supports memory consolidation and helps clear metabolic byproducts from the brain. Maintaining consistent sleep–wake cycles reinforces cognitive balance.
  • Engage in Mental Stimulation: Learning, reading, and creative pursuits challenge the brain, encouraging new neural connections.
  • Move Regularly: Physical activity promotes healthy blood flow to the brain and stimulates growth factors that maintain neuron vitality.
  • Manage Stress Thoughtfully: Chronic stress can influence neurotransmitter activity. Practices like meditation, deep breathing, and spending time outdoors can help promote calm and mental balance.
  • Nourish the Brain: A nutrient-dense diet rich in magnesium-containing foods (such as leafy greens, legumes, and nuts), omega-3 fatty acids, and antioxidants supports overall brain function and resilience.

Together with Magtein, these habits can help support cognitive performance and healthy brain aging from multiple angles.*

Lifestyle factors like sleep, exercise, and mindfulness can help support brain health alongside Magtein.

References

  1. Zhang C, Hu Q, Li S, Dai F, Qian W, Hewlings S, Yan T, Wang Y. A Magtein®, Magnesium L-Threonate–Based Formula Improves Brain Cognitive Functions in Healthy Chinese Adults. Nutrients. 2022;14(24):5235. doi:10.3390/nu14245235
  2. Hausenblas HA, Lynch T, Hooper S, Shrestha A, Rosendale D, Gu J. Magnesium-L-threonate improves sleep quality and daytime functioning in adults with self-reported sleep problems: a randomized controlled trial. Sleep Med X. 2024;8:100121.
  3. Slutsky I, Abumaria N, Wu LJ, et al. Enhancement of learning and memory by elevating brain magnesium. Neuron. 2010;65(2):165-177. doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2010.01.001
  4. Liu G, Weinger JG, Lu ZL, Xue F, Sadeghpour S. Efficacy and Safety of MMFS-01, a synapse density enhancer, for treating cognitive impairment in older adults: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. J Alzheimers Dis. 2015;49(4):971-990.

FDA Disclaimer

These statements have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. This product is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease.

 

Why Magtein® Is Different And Why That Matters

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What Is Magtein?

Magnesium is an essential mineral that supports hundreds of biological functions throughout the body, including energy metabolism, nerve signaling, and muscle health. However, not all forms of magnesium are created equal.

Magtein (magnesium L-threonate) is a patented form of magnesium studied for its ability to support cognitive health, sleep quality, and daytime focus.* Unlike other magnesium forms that primarily target muscle relaxation or digestive comfort, Magtein stands out for its unique ability to cross the blood-brain barrier and support brain function directly.*

A 2024 clinical trial published in Sleep Medicine X provided new insight into Magtein’s potential role in improving sleep quality and next-day wellness.* 

Let’s explore what makes this form of magnesium unique, why the science matters, and how it may fit into your daily routine!

Incorporating Magtein into your daily routine may help support cognitive clarity, restful sleep, and overall brain wellness.*

The Latest Research: Magtein and Sleep Quality

Key Findings from the 2024 Clinical Trial

In a randomized, controlled trial published in Sleep Medicine X (2024) titled Magnesium L-Threonate Improves Sleep Quality and Daytime Functioning in Adults with Self-Reported Sleep Problems: A Randomized Controlled Trial, researchers enrolled 80 adults aged 35-55 who reported sleep difficulties. Participants received magnesium L-threonate (Magtein) or placebo for 21 days. The study used validated questionnaires and objective wearable metrics to assess sleep and daytime functioning.

The findings included:

  • Participants taking magnesium L-threonate reported improved subjective sleep quality compared with placebo.*
  • Objective measures showed enhancements in deep sleep and REM sleep metrics, and participants reported better daytime energy and mood.*
  • Magnesium L-threonate was well tolerated, with no significant adverse effects reported.

These results build on earlier research suggesting magnesium L-threonate supports cognitive health and helps maintain a balanced sleep-wake rhythm, contributing to feelings of restoration and mental clarity.*

Clinical research suggests Magtein helps support balanced sleep–wake cycles for deeper rest and refreshed mornings.*

How Does Magtein Work?

Sleep and cognition are tightly interconnected. Magnesium helps regulate NMDA receptors – key channels that control how nerve cells communicate. When excitatory signaling becomes too high, it can interfere with both deep sleep and mental focus.

By supporting magnesium levels within the brain, Magtein helps:

  • Promote relaxation before bedtime, easing the transition into restful sleep.*
  • Support synaptic plasticity, which is essential for learning and memory during deep sleep.*
  • Maintain healthy circadian rhythm signaling, influencing daytime alertness and focus.*

In simpler terms, Magtein helps the brain “power down” at night and “power up” more effectively the next morning.*

What Makes Magtein Unique

If you’ve tried other magnesium supplements, you may have noticed that most focus on muscle recovery, bowel regularity, or cardiovascular support. While those benefits are valuable, not all magnesium forms effectively influence the brain.

For example:

  • Magnesium oxide – low absorption, often used for digestive health.
  • Magnesium citrate – supports regularity and hydration.
  • Magnesium glycinate – gentle on digestion, commonly used for relaxation.

Magtein is clinically shown to cross the blood-brain barrier, delivering magnesium directly to the brain – where it can support cognitive health, memory, and balanced mood.*

By crossing the blood–brain barrier, Magtein delivers magnesium directly where it supports cognition, memory, and mood balance.*

Dosage and Safety

In the 2024 trial, participants consumed magnesium L-threonate at doses consistent with those found in many high-quality dietary supplements. Typical daily servings provide 1-2 grams of magnesium L-threonate compound, delivering approximately 100-200 mg of elemental magnesium.

As with any supplement, follow product directions and consult a qualified healthcare professional before use – especially if you are pregnant, nursing, taking medication, or have a medical condition.*

What Sets Magtein Apart

Magtein’s strength lies in both its unique structure and its growing body of clinical research. The 2024 study adds to previous findings exploring magnesium L-threonate’s role in supporting memory, learning, and cognitive performance over time.* This consistency reflects Magtein’s ongoing commitment to scientific validation and transparency – qualities that distinguish it in the nutritional supplement landscape.

The Takeaway: A Smarter Magnesium for Brain and Sleep

When it comes to magnesium, form matters. Magtein (magnesium L-threonate) stands apart as a science-backed form that supports sleep quality, morning focus, and overall cognitive health.*

Backed by peer-reviewed research – including the most recent 2024 clinical trial – Magtein represents more than mineral support. It reflects the next generation of magnesium innovation, designed for the brain.

For those seeking a supplement that’s both effective and scientifically validated, Magtein is a trusted choice grounded in research and transparency.*

References

  1. Hausenblas HA, Lynch T, Hooper S, Shrestha A, Rosendale D, Gu J. Magnesium L-Threonate Improves Sleep Quality and Daytime Functioning in Adults with Self-Reported Sleep Problems: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Sleep Med X. 2024;6:100121.
  2. Slutsky I, Abumaria N, Wu LJ, et al. Enhancement of Learning and Memory by Elevating Brain Magnesium. Neuron. 2010;65(2):165–177.

FDA Disclaimer

These statements have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. This product is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease.